Sunday, July 10, 2011

BESBOL


Sebelum setiap separuh pusingan bermula, kesembilan-sembilan pemain pasukan pemadang mengambil kedudukan masing-masing di atas padang. Pelempar (pitcher) berdiri di atas timbunan. Dia menolakkan kakinya dari plat getah untuk menjanakan kelajuan ketika melontar bola ke plat rumah. Penangkap (catcher) bertinggung dekat plat rumah, berdepan pelempar. Penjaga-penjaga kawasan dalam (infielders) pula berdiri di sekeliling tapak. Penjaga tapak pertama (first baseman) berdiri beberapa ela ke kiri tapak pertama, penjaga tapak kedua (second baseman) berdiri di kanan tapak kedua, shortstop (penjaga tapak kedua dan ketiga) berdiri di kiri tapak kedua, dan penjaga tapak ketiga berdiri di kanan tapak ketiga. Penjaga-penjaga kawasan luar (outfielders) pula berdiri di kawasan outfield. Penjaga kawasan luar terbahagi kepada penjaga kiri (left fielder), penjaga tengah (center fielder) dan penjaga kanan (right fielder).
Seorang pemukul (batter) dari pasukan lain berdiri dekat plat rumah, di antara pelempar dan penangkap. Dia menunggu sehingga pelempar melempar bola kepada penangkap, dan cuba memukul bola itu dengan tongkat pemukul. Tugas penangkap yang bertinggung di belakang pemukul ialah untuk menangkap bola yang tidak (atau gagal) dipukul oleh pemukul, lalu memulangkannya kepada pelempar. Jika pemukul berjaya memukul bola, dia mesti berlari ke tapak pertama. Kalau dia berjaya sampai ke mana-mana tapak tanpa dimatikan, dia dianggap selamat (safe), dan kini berada di tapak (on base). Kalau dia berjaya memukul bola ke luar sempadan kawasan luar sebelum jatuh ke atas padang, dia dikatakan mencapai lari habis (home run). Selepas lari habis, pemukul serta pelari-pelari lain di tapak bebas bergerak ke plat rumah, kesemuanya mendapat satu markah untuk pasukan.
Lemparan bola yang tidak dipukul kedalam kawasan adil dianggap "strike" atau "ball". Satu strike diberikan jika:
  • Pemukul membenarkan bola yang dilempar melalui zon strike ditangkap oleh penangkap.
  • Pemukul mengayun tongkat pemukul tetapi gagal memukul bola (walaupun di luar zon strike).
  • Pemukul memukul bola ke kawasan foul (foul ball), iaitu bola jatuh ke atas kawasan foul. Namun, kalau pemukul mempunyai dua strike, bola foul tidak dianggap sebagai strike ketiga.
Zon strike merupakan zon rekaan dari tengah bahu dan tali pinggang pemukul sehingga lututnya. Selepas tiga strike, pemukul dimatikan (strikeout).
Satu ball diberikan jika bola dilempar ke luar zon strike. Selepas empat ball, pemukul bebas berjalan (walk/base on balls) ke tapak pertama. Dia juga bebas berjalan jika badannya dikenakan bola yang dilempar.
Ketika pasukan memukul cuba mengumpul markah, pasukan memadang pula cuba mematikan pemukul dan -pelari melalui:
  • Pematian strike (strikeout): pemukul diberikan tiga strike ketika cuba memukul bola.
  • Pematian layang (flyout): pemukul dimatikan jika bola yang dipukulnya ditangkap sebelum jatuh ke atas padang.
  • Pematian paksa (force out): pelari di tapak cuba bergerak ke tapak seterusnya apabila bola dipukul tetapi gagal sampai sebelum penjaga tapak menangkap bola sambil menyentuh tapak tersebut.
  • Pematian kejar (tag out): pelari yang tidak berada di tapak disentuh oleh penjaga yang memegang bola.
Kalau pasukan memadang berjaya mematikan dua pelari/pemukul dalam satu urutan, ia dipanggil urutan dua kali ganda (double play). Urutan tiga kali ganda juga tidak mustahil, tetapi jarang berlaku. Pemain yang mati dikeluarkan sementara daripada perlawanan dan menunggu sehingga giliran seterusnya. Seorang pelari hanya boleh mengelilingi tapak-tapak satu kali untuk mendapat satu markah setiap giliran memukul. Urutan pemukul-pemukul ditentukan sebelum perlawanan bermula, dan tidak boleh diubah kecuali akibat penggantian pemain. Kalau seseorang pemain digantikan oleh pemain lain, pemain itu yang dikeluarkan tidak dibenarkan terlibat dalam perlawanan lagi.
Kebanyakan pertandingan besbol membenarkan pasukan memukul menggunakan satu pemain tambahan, iaitu pemukul khas (designated hitter). Bakal pemukul mengambil alih tugas memukul apabila tibanya giliran pelempar.

SEJARAH OLAHRAGA



Acara asal dan hanya satu dalam Olimpik yang pertama pada 776 SM adalah lumba lari panjang-stadium atau "stad", diadakan di trek.
Terdapat beberapa temasya lain diadakan di Eropah semasa era klasik:
Bangsa Celt, Teuton dan Goths yang berjaya menerajui empayar Rom juga meminati sukan olahraga. Namun begitu, ini kerap dikaitkan dengan latihan pertempuran dan tidak dikelolakan dengan baik.
Pada pertengahan abad ke-19, satu organisasi formai pertandingan olahraga ditubuhkan. Ini termasuk kerjasama antara pertubuhan sukan dan sekolah. Kolej Tentera Diraja Sandhurst membuat pertikaian bahawa mereka merupakan kolej pertama yang menubuhkan organisasi olahraga pada 1812 dan 1825 tanpa sebarang bukti . Namun begitu, mesyuarat pertama organisasi olahraga yang dicatat diadakan di Shrewsbury, Shropshire pada tahun 1840 oleh Sekolah Diraja Shrewbury Hunt. Sehingga kini, tiada sebarang bukti yang kukuh yang dapat menyatakan tentang penubuhan organisasi formal olahraga.
Olahraga mula disertakan dalam pertandingan Olimpik pertama pada tahun 1896 dan masih diteruskan sehingga kini. Wanita hanya dibenarkan untuk menyertai acara trek dan padang pada tahun 1928.
Sejak itu, beberapa pertubuhan atau organisasi olahraga telah ditubuhakan dengan giat di Amerika Syarikat. Ini termasuk International Association of Athletics Federations, Amateur Athletic Union dan USA Track & Field.

RUGBY HISTORY


Rugby first started in 1823 when William Webb Ellis spontaneously decided to spoil his schoolmate's soccer game by picking up the ball and running with it towards the goal line. That single act at the Rugby School brought the game into being where it is today and for future generations who would play this game. In 1839 the first rugby club was established in Cambridge and after 32 years the Rugby Football Union was established which governed the game in England and organised the first test match between Scotland and England. Then in 1886 the International Rugby Board was formed which governs the game worldwide.
But only after 40 years the laws of the game was altered in which rugby looks more like it does today. The game's first World Cup was held in 1987 and followed by the second and third in 1991 and 1995 respectively. Currently, the Rugby World Cup has the second largest TV viewership around the world, next to the Soccer World Cup with an estimated 3 billion viewers. Sevens rugby started in Scotland as a charity event which eventually developed into a fast and exciting game.
The first Rugby Sevens World Cup was held, rightfully in Scotland in RUGBY IN MALAYSIA The first inter-club match was played in 1902 between Singapore Cricket Club and Selangor Club. But locals were only involved in the game in 1921 when Captain H. T Butler presented a trophy named after the HMS Malaya battleship. So the game started in with Selangor, Ipoh District, Singapore, Malacca and Negeri Sembilan being the first participants with the Malaya Rugby Union which was also established in 1921 as the joint committee. In 1959 the Malaya Rugby Union organised its first international match between Cambridge Universities XV and Malayan XV in Kuala Lumpur.
In 1983 the first Inter-State Rugby tournament was introduced namely the Agomg's Cup and the game's gaining popularity with the first National Inter-Club tournament in 1995. Sevens rugby was introduced in Malaya in 1935 with a competition organised by the Singapore Cricket Club and since then spread throughout the country. In 1963, the famous RSC Jonah Jones Sevens was introduced by Mr Jones. To date there are numerous sevens tournament in Malaysia such as the National Sevens and Super Sevens organised by the Malaysia Rugby Union. There are more than 300 rugby clubs in Malaysia including government bodies and 600 schools playing rugby with 10,000 active players.

TENNIS HISTORY


Most historians believe that tennis originated in France in the 12th century, but the ball was then struck with the palm of the hand. It was not until the 16th century that rackets came into use, and the game began to be called "tennis." It was popular in England and France, although the game was only played indoors where the ball could be hit off the wall. Henry VIII of England was a big fan of this game, which is now known as real tennis.
Harry Gem and his friend Augurio Perera developed a game that combined elements of rackets and the Basque ball game pelota, which they played on Perera's croquet lawn in Birmingham, United Kingdom. In 1872, along with two local doctors, they founded the world's first tennis club in Leamington Spa.
In December 1873, Major Walter Clopton Wingfield designed and patented a similar game which he called sphairistike , from ancient Greek meaning "skill at playing at ball"), and was soon known simply as "sticky" — for the amusement of his guests at a garden party on his estate of Nantclwyd, in Llanelidan, Wales. He likely based his game on the evolving sport of outdoor tennis including real tennis. According to some tennis historians, modern tennis terminology also derives from this period, as Wingfield borrowed both the name and much of the French vocabulary of real tennis and applied them to his new game.    
The first championships at Wimbledon in London were played in 1877. The first Championships culminated a significant debate on how to standardize the rules.
In America in 1874 Mary Ewing Outerbridge, a young socialite, returned from Bermuda where she met Major Wingfield. She laid out a tennis court at the Staten Island Cricket Club in New Brighton Staten Island, New York. The exact location of the club was under what is now the Staten Island Ferry terminal. The first American National tournament in 1880 was played there. An Englishman named O.E Woodhouse won the singles match. There was also a doubles match which was won by a local pair. There were different rules at each club. The ball in Boston was larger than the one normally used in NY. On May 21, 1881, the United States National Lawn Tennis Association (now the United States Tennis Association) was formed to standardize the rules and organize competitions. The U.S. National Men's Singles Championship, now the US Open, was first held in 1881 at Newport, Rhode Island.[10] The U.S. National Women's Singles Championships were first held in 1887. Tennis was also popular in France, where the French Open dates to 1891. Thus, Wimbledon, the US Open, the French Open, and the Australian Open (dating to 1905) became and have remained the most prestigious events in tennis. Together these four events are called the Majors or Slams (a term borrowed from bridge rather than baseball).
The comprehensive rules promulgated in 1924 by the International Lawn Tennis Federation, now known as the International Tennis Federation, have remained largely stable in the ensuing eighty years, the one major change being the addition of the tie-break system designed by James Van Alen. That same year, tennis withdrew from the Olympics after the 1924 Games but returned 60 years later as a 21-and-under demonstration event in 1984. This reinstatement was credited by the efforts by the then ITF President Philippe Chatrier, ITF General Secretary David Gray and ITF Vice President Pablo Llorens, and support from IOC President Juan Antonio Samaranch. The success of the event was overwhelming and the IOC decided to reintroduce tennis as a full medal sport at Seoul in 1988.
The Davis Cup, an annual competition between men's national teams, dates to 1900. The analogous competition for women's national teams, the Fed Cup, was founded as the Federation Cup in 1963 to celebrate the 50th anniversary of the founding of the ITF also known as International Tennis Federation.
In 1926, promoter C.C. Pyle established the first professional tennis tour with a group of American and French tennis players playing exhibition matches to paying audiences. The most notable of these early professionals were the American Vinnie Richards and the Frenchwoman Suzanne Lenglen. Once a player turned pro he or she could not compete in the major (amateur) tournaments.
In 1968, commercial pressures and rumors of some amateurs taking money under the table led to the abandonment of this distinction, inaugurating the open era, in which all players could compete in all tournaments, and top players were able to make their living from tennis.With the beginning of the open era, the establishment of an international professional tennis circuit, and revenues from the sale of television rights, tennis's popularity has spread worldwide, and the sport has shed its upper/middle-class English-speaking image (although it is acknowledged that this stereotype still exists).
In 1954, Van Alen founded the International Tennis Hall of Fame, a non-profit museum in Newport, Rhode Island. The building contains a large collection of tennis memorabilia as well as a hall of fame honoring prominent members and tennis players from all over the world. Each year, a grass-court tournament and an induction ceremony honoring new Hall of Fame members are hosted on its grounds.

Friday, July 01, 2011

LARIAN 1 MURID 1 MALAYSIA

 

DASAR 1Murid 1Sukan 1Malaysia (1M1S) mula dilaksanakan pada tahun 2011 setelah diumumkan 1 tahun yang lalu. Dasar ini mewajibkan setiap murid termasuk berkeperluan khas yang tidak mengalami masalah kesihatan mengambil bahagian dalam sekurang-kurangnya 1 jenis sukan yang disediakan oleh pihak sekolah.
Untuk melaksanakannya maka penerangan melalui surat-surat pekeliling dan taklimat telah disampaikan walaupun tidak dapat sampai ke semua pihak yang berkaitan di sekolah.
Sesi penerangan akan diteruskan supaya dasar ini akan dapat difahami oleh semua pihak yang berkepentingan supaya ia dapat dilaksanakan dengan lebih berkesan pada masa hadapan.
Sebenarnya sukan di sekolah merupakan satu aktiviti yang wajib ke atas murid-murid yang sihat.
Belum dan tidak ada arahan yang membatalkan kewajipan aktiviti sukan di kalangan murid setakat ini.
Oleh itu, tidak ada sebab kalau ada mana-mana pihak yang mengatakan dasar ini adalah satu tanggungjawab tambahan yang membebankan.
Dasar yang bertujuan untuk mengembali dan memulihkan apa yang telah ditetapkan tidak seharusnya dilihat dan ditafsirkan dengan beberapa interpretasi sebagai helah untuk tidak melaksanakannya.
Bukan setakat aktiviti sukan sahaja yang dilihat malap buat beberapa ketika di sekolah tetapi mata pelajaran pendidikan jasmani juga mengalami nasib yang hampir serupa.
Kekurangan guru yang terlatih selalunya dijadikan sebab mata pelajaran ini tidak dapat dilaksanakan sepatutnya.
Pengukuhan pelaksanaan pembelajaran mata pelajaran pendidikan jasmani ini sedang diusahakan oleh Kementerian Pelajaran.
Adalah diharapkan dalam masa terdekat mata pelajaran ini bukan lagi menjadi waktu gantian dengan mata pelajaran yang lain yang dianggap oleh pengurusan sekolah sebagai lebih penting.

Sumber: http://psbtpnsarawak.wordpress.com/2011/06/28/2-julai-larian-serentak-1murid-1sukan-1malaysia/